|
|
|
Ambiguous Genitalia
|
|
Mayo Clinic
|
|
2006
|
|
www.mayoclinic.com/health/ambiguous-genitalia/DS00668
|
|
Condition in which a newborn's external genitals don't appear clearly to be either male or female.
|
|
|
|
Amniocentesis
|
|
March of Dimes
|
|
2008
|
|
search.marchofdimes.com/cgi-bin/MsmGo.exe?grab_id=6&page_id=15336448&query=Amniocentesis&hiword=Amniocentesis+
|
|
|
|
Birth Defects
|
|
March of Dimes
|
|
2006
|
|
search.marchofdimes.com/cgi-bin/MsmGo.exe?grab_id=6&page_id=10027264&query=birth+defects&hiword=BIRTHED+BIRTHING+BIRTHS+DEFECT+DEFECTIVE+DEFECTOS+birth+defects+
|
|
Birth defects are the leading cause of death in the first year of life.
|
|
|
|
Birth Defects and Fetal Basis of Adult Disease Research
|
|
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
|
|
2009
|
|
www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/population/children/
|
|
An emerging area of research is the role that fetal exposures have in causing permanent changes in physical function that increase a child's susceptibility to disease or dysfunction later in life.
|
|
|
|
Birth Defects: Frequently Asked Questions
|
|
Centers for Disease Control
|
|
2007
|
|
www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/bd/faq1.htm
|
|
Basic information on birth defects, what they are, what causes them, and how to prevent them.
|
|
|
|
Caffeine in Pregnancy
|
|
March of Dimes
|
|
2009
|
|
search.marchofdimes.com/cgi-bin/MsmGo.exe?grab_id=6&page_id=15991808&query=Caffeine+in+pregnancy&hiword=Caffeine+PREGNANCIES+PREGNANT+in+pregnancy+
|
|
Safety of caffeine consumption in pregnancy is controversial.
|
|
|
|
Cerebral Palsy
|
|
March of Dimes
|
|
2009
|
|
search.marchofdimes.com/cgi-bin/MsmGo.exe?grab_id=6&page_id=11730944&query=Cerebral+Palsy&hiword=Cerebral+PALS+PALSEY+Palsy+
|
|
Cerebral palsy refers to a group of conditions that affect control of movement and posture. Because of damage to one or more parts of the brain that control movement, an affected child cannot move his or her muscles normally. While symptoms range from mild to severe, the condition does not get worse as the child gets older.
|
|
|
|
CHERUBS- The Association of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Research, Advocacy, and Support
|
|
CHERUBS- The Association of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Research, Advocacy, and Support
|
|
www.cdhsupport.org/
|
|
|
|
Chromosomal Abnormalities
|
|
March of Dimes
|
|
2009
|
|
search.marchofdimes.com/cgi-bin/MsmGo.exe?grab_id=6&page_id=786944&query=Chromosomal+Abnormalities&hiword=ABNORMALITY+Abnormalities+CHROMOSOME+CHROMOSOMES+Chromosomal+
|
|
Chromosomal abnormalities involve an abnormality in the number of chromosomes or the chromosomal structure. Mentions Down Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, and Klinefelter Syndrome as the most common chromosomal abnormalities
|
|
test
|
|
|
|
Cocaine Use During Pregnancy
|
|
March of Dimes
|
|
2009
|
|
search.marchofdimes.com/cgi-bin/MsmGo.exe?grab_id=6&page_id=12517376&query=cocaine+use+during+pregnancy&hiword=PREGNANCIES+PREGNANT+cocaine+during+pregnancy+use+
|
|
Babies exposed to cocaine before birth may face health problems, ranging from subtle to life threatening.
|
|
|
|
Common Concerns and Exposures (During Pregnancy)
|
|
Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction
|
|
2008
|
|
cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/common/index.html
|
|
Includes information on substances and foods that should be avoided during pregnancy, as well as those that are beneficial to the unborn child, like folic acid.
|
|
|
|
Congenital Cardiovascular Defects
|
|
American Heart Association
|
|
2004
|
|
www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4565
|
|
Discusses heart defects present at birth and the different types of heart defects: those causing the blood to flow in the heart in an abnormal pattern, obstructive (narrowing or blocking), septal, or cyanotic defects, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
|
|
|
|
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Overview
|
|
GeneReviews
|
|
2005
|
|
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=cdh-ov
|
|
|
|
Congenital Hand Differences
|
|
American Society for Surgery of the Hand
|
|
2006
|
|
www.assh.org/Public/HandConditions/Pages/CongenitalHandDifferences.aspx
|
|
Examples of congenital abnormalities in the hand include: having more than or fewer than five fingers; fingers that won't bend; fingers that are too short, crooked, or webbed; and constriction bands on the fingers and/or hand. Examples of congenital abnormalities in the arm include: an arm that is bowed, bones and joints that have not formed normally, and a part of or whole arm that has not formed at all.
|
|
|
|
Congenital Valve Defects in Adults
|
|
Cleveland Clinic
|
|
2002
|
|
www.clevelandclinic.org/heartcenter/pub/guide/disease/congenital/congenvalve.htm?index=10511
|
|
Congenital valve defects are valves not formed correctly before birth. Valves may be the wrong size, have malformed leaflets or have leaflets that are not attached to the annulus correctly. This most often affects the aortic or pulmonic valve.
|
|
|
|
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Carrier Screening
|
|
March of Dimes
|
|
2004
|
|
www.marchofdimes.com/pnhec/159_525.asp
|
|
|
|
DES Update (Diethylstilbestrol)
|
|
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
|
|
www.cdc.gov/des/consumers/index.html
|
|
Whether you know for sure or suspect you were exposed to DES, you can use CDC's DES Update to learn more about DES exposure and what you can do about it. You'll find helpful information on DES research findings and a guide to help you assess whether you might have been exposed to DES. You'll also find in-depth information for women prescribed DES while pregnant as well as your DES Daughters and DES Sons.
|
|
|
|
Developmental Disabilities
|
|
National Center for Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities
|
|
2004
|
|
www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dd/default.htm
|
|
Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of physical, cognitive, psychological, sensory, and speech impairments that begin anytime during development up to 18 years of age. In most instances, the cause of the disability is not known.
|
|
|
|
Documentary of Katherine Ryan's genetic testing and how the results affect her life.
|
|
Katherine Ryan, Routes: Discover the Secrets in your Genes
|
|
http://www.routesgame.com/films/?episodeId=1
|
|
A Canadian Comedian undergoes genetic testing and speaks to scientists regarding her results, including intelligence, physical traits, personality and disease.
|
|
|
|
Documentary of Katherine Ryan's genetic testing and how the results affect her life.
|
|
Katherine Ryan, Routes: Discover the Secrets in your Genes
|
|
2009
|
|
http://www.routesgame.com/films/?episodeId=1
|
|
A Canadian Comedian undergoes genetic testing and speaks to scientists regarding her results, including intelligence, physical traits, personality and disease.
|
|
|
|
Documentary of Katherine Ryan's genetic testing process and results.
|
|
Katherine Ryan, Routes: Discover the Secrets in your Genes
|
|
2009
|
|
www.routesgame.com/films/?episodeId=1
|
|
A Canadian Comedian undergoes genetic testing and speaks to scientists regarding her results, including intelligence, physical traits, personality and disease.
|
|
|
|
Drinking Alcohol During Pregnancy
|
|
March of Dimes
|
|
2009
|
|
www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/19695_1170.asp
|
|
Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause physical and mental birth defects.
|
|
|
|
Drinking and Your Pregnancy
|
|
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
|
|
2006
|
|
pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/DrinkingPregnancy_HTML/pregnancy.htm
|
|
|
|
Drugs and Pregnancy
|
|
American Council for Drug Education
|
|
www.acde.org/parent/Pregnant.htm
|
|
Drugs can directly affect prenatal development.
|
|
|
|
Effects of Workplace Hazards on Female Reproductive Health
|
|
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
|
|
1999
|
|
www.cdc.gov/niosh/99-104.html?
|
|
Some workplace hazards can affect a woman's reproductive health, her ability to become pregnant, or the health of her unborn children, including birth defects, low birth weight, or developmental disabilities.
|
|
|
|
Effects of Workplace Hazards on Male Reproductive Health
|
|
National Institute of Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH)
|
|
1997
|
|
www.cdc.gov/niosh/malrepro.html?
|
|
a man's exposure to substances in the workplace can affect his ability to have healthy children.
|
|
|
|
Environmental Risks and Pregnancy
|
|
March of Dimes
|
|
2009
|
|
www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/14332_9146.asp
|
|
There are more than 4 million chemical mixtures in homes and businesses in this country, with little information on the effects of most of them during pregnancy. However, a few are known to be harmful to an unborn baby. Most of these are found in the workplace, but certain environmental pollutants found in air and water, as well as chemicals used at home, may pose a risk during pregnancy.
|
|
|
|
Fact Sheets on Exposures of Concern During Pregnancy
|
|
Organization of Teratology Information Services
|
|
2009
|
|
www.otispregnancy.org/hm/inside.php?id=41
|
|
Information on the risk factors to the baby from medications, herbal products, infections, vaccines, diabetes, exercise, maternal PKU, cocaine, caffeine, hair treatments, hot tubs & saunas.
|
|
|
|
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
|
|
Centers for Disease Control
|
|
2006
|
|
www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fas/fasask.htm
|
|
Prenatal exposure to alcohol can cause many problems. One of the most severe effects of drinking during pregnancy is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). FAS is one of the leading known preventable causes of mental retardation and birth defects. FAS is a lifelong, physically and mentally disabling condition that is characterized by abnormal facial features, growth deficiencies, and central nervous system (CNS) problems.
|
|
|
|
Fetal Diagnoses
|
|
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
|
|
2009
|
|
www.chop.edu/consumer/jsp/division/generic.jsp?id=81146
|
|
Common fetal diagnoses of abnormalities and birth defects.
|
|
|
|
Fetal Surgery
|
|
Children's Hospital Boston
|
|
2006
|
|
www.childrenshospital.org/az/Site891/mainpageS891P0.html
|
|
Fetal surgery is the surgical treatment of a fetus with certain life-threatening congenital abnormalities. Surgical intervention during pregnancy on the fetus is meant to correct problems that would be too advanced to correct after birth.
|
|
|
|
Find a Teratogen Information Center
|
|
Organization of Teratology Information Services
|
|
2009
|
|
www.otispregnancy.org/hm/inside.php?sid=27&id=19
|
|
Directory of state services which help pregnant women determine their level of risk from environmental, drugs, food, water, medications or other exposures. In many states, genetic counselors or nurses can be accessed by phone or email.
|
|
|
|
Folic Acid
|
|
March of Dimes
|
|
2009
|
|
www.marchofdimes.com/pnhec/887.asp
|
|
Folic acid, a B vitamin, helps prevent birth defects of the brain and spinal cord when taken very early in pregnancy. It is available in most multivitamins, as a folic acid-only supplement and in some foods.
|
|
|
|
Food-Borne Risks in Pregnancy
|
|
March of Dimes
|
|
2009
|
|
www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/14332_1152.asp
|
|
There are a few foods, including certain fish, some soft cheeses, ready-to-eat meats and raw sprouts that may pose risks during pregnancy. A pregnant woman should be aware of these risks, so she can choose the safest foods to nourish herself and her baby.
|
|
|
|
Fragile X Syndrome
|
|
Dolan DNA Learning Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
|
|
2002
|
|
www.ygyh.org/fragx/whatisit.htm
|
|
Definition, cause, symptoms, treatment, incidence, testing, screening and much more.
|
|
|
|
Gene Testing
|
|
Children's Craniofacial Association
|
|
2008
|
|
www.ccakids.org/syn.asp
|
|
Craniofacial disorders include abnormalities of the face and/or the head. They can result from abnormal growth patterns of the face or skull, which involves soft tissue and bones. A craniofacial condition may include disfigurement brought about by birth defect, disease or trauma.
|
|
|
|
Gene Therapy and Your Child
|
|
KidsHealth
|
|
2002
|
|
kidshealth.org/parent/system/medical/gene_therapy.html
|
|
Discusses the two types of gene therapy, somatic and germline, the possible effects of gene therapy, and the future of gene therapy.
|
|
|
|
Genetic Selection
|
|
Center for Genetics and Society
|
|
2006
|
|
geneticsandsociety.org/article.php?list=type&type=82
|
|
Explanation and illustration of the PGD process.
|
|
|
|
Having a Healthy Pregnancy: Pregnancy Tips
|
|
National Center on Birth Defects & Developmental Disabilities
|
|
2005
|
|
www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/bd/abc.htm
|
|
Not all birth defects can be prevented, but a woman can take some actions that increase her chance of having a healthy baby. Many birth defects happen very early in pregnancy, sometimes before a woman even knows she is pregnant. Remember that about half of all pregnancies are unplanned.
|
|
|
|
If Your Child has a Congenital Heart Defect
|
|
American Heart Association
|
|
2009
|
|
www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3007586
|
|
Includes sections on how a cardiologist diagnoses heart defects, special needs, treatment, glossary.
|
|
|
|
Indiana Network of Genetic Counselors
|
|
Indiana Network of Genetic Counselors
|
|
2009
|
|
http://www.ingc.info/
|
|
|
|
Intellectual Disability
|
|
National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities
|
|
2005
|
|
www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dd/ddmr.htm
|
|
Mental retardation is characterized both by a significantly below-average score on a test of mental ability or intelligence and by limitations in the ability to function in areas of daily life, such as communication, self-care, and getting along in social or school situations.
|
|
|
|
Knowledge Path: Children and Adolescents with Special Care Needs
|
|
Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University
|
|
2006
|
|
mchlibrary.info/KnowledgePaths/kp_CSHCN.html
|
|
A virtual guide to people caring for children and adolescents with special health care needs.
|
|
Reciprocal link requested by Susan Burne Lorenzo on Thursday, April 6, 2006
|
|
|
|
Maternal Blood Screening for Down Syndrome and Neural Tube Defects
|
|
March of Dimes
|
|
2009
|
|
www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/14332_1166.asp
|
|
This is a screening test that identifies pregnancies at higher-than-average risk of certain serious birth defects, including spina bifida (open spine) and Down syndrome (a chromosomal disorder). The blood test, called the triple screen, can provide valuable information about a developing fetus.
|
|
|
|
Medication Exposures During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: FAQs
|
|
National Center for Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities
|
|
2004
|
|
www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/meds/faqs.htm
|
|
Frequently asked questions about medication and herbals and other dietary supplement use during pregnancy.
|
|
|
|
MedlinePlus Genetics & Birth Defects Topic Pages
|
|
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/geneticsbirthdefects.html
|
|
List of the topics included in MedlinePlus referring to genetic disorders or birth defects. These pages link to full-text consumer level information.
|
|
|
|
MedlinePlus: Birth Defects
|
|
National Library of Medicine
|
|
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthdefects.html
|
|
|
|
MedlinePlus: Cerebral Palsy
|
|
National Library of Medicine
|
|
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cerebralpalsy.html
|
|
Cerebral palsy is an umbrella-like term used to describe a group of chronic disorders impairing control of movement that appear in the first few years of life and generally do not worsen over time. The disorders are caused by faulty development of or damage to motor areas in the brain that disrupts the brain's ability to control movement and posture
|
|
|
|
MedlinePlus: Cleft Lip and Palate
|
|
National Library of Medicine
|
|
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cleftlipandpalate.html
|
|
|
|
MedlinePlus: Congenital Heart Disease
|
|
National Library of Medicine
|
|
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/congenitalheartdisease.html
|
|
|
|
MedlinePlus: Cystic Fibrosis
|
|
National Library of Medicine
|
|
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cysticfibrosis.html
|
|
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited condition affecting the cells that produce mucus, sweat, saliva and digestive juices. Normally, these secretions are thin and slippery, but in CF, a defective gene causes the secretions to become thick and sticky. Instead of acting as a lubricant, the secretions plug up tubes, ducts and passageways, especially in the pancreas and lungs.
|
|
|
|
MedlinePlus: Diabetes and Pregnancy
|
|
National Library of Medicine
|
|
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetesandpregnancy.html
|
|
Contains items on diabetes mellitus, juvenile diabetes and gestational diabetes.
|
|
|
|
MedlinePlus: Down Syndrome
|
|
National Library of Medicine
|
|
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/downsyndrome.html
|
|
|
|
MedlinePlus: Dwarfism
|
|
National Library of Medicine
|
|
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dwarfism.html
|
|
|
|
MedlinePlus: Folic Acid
|
|
National Library of Medicine
|
|
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/folicacid.html
|
|
|
|
MedlinePlus: Genetic Counseling
|
|
National Library of Medicine
|
|
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/geneticcounseling.html
|
|
|
|
MedlinePlus: Genetic Testing
|
|
National Library of Medicine
|
|
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/genetictesting.html
|
|
|
|
MedlinePlus: Head and Brain Malformations
|
|
National Library of Medicine
|
|
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandbrainmalformations.html
|
|
|
|
MedlinePlus: High Risk Pregnancy
|
|
National Library of Medicine
|
|
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/highriskpregnancy.html
|
|
|
|
MedlinePlus: Infections and Pregnancy
|
|
National Library of Medicine
|
|
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infectionsandpregnancy.html
|
|
|
|
MedlinePlus: Klinefelter's Syndrome
|
|
National Library of Medicine
|
|
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/klinefelterssyndrome.html
|
|
|
|
MedlinePlus: Leukodystrophies
|
|
National Library of Medicine
|
|
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/leukodystrophies.html
|
|
Leukodystrophy refers to progressive degeneration of the white matter of the brain due to imperfect growth or development of the myelin sheath, the fatty covering that acts as an insulator around nerve fiber.
|
|
|
|
MedlinePlus: Neural Tube Defects
|
|
National Library of Medicine
|
|
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neuraltubedefects.html
|
|
|
|
MedlinePlus: Newborn Screening
|
|
National Library of Medicine
|
|
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newbornscreening.html
|
|
|
|
MedlinePlus: Prenatal Testing
|
|
National Library of Medicine
|
|
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prenataltesting.html
|
|
|
|
MedlinePlus: Spina Bifida
|
|
National Library of Medicine
|
|
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinabifida.html
|
|
|
|
MedlinePlus: Tay Sachs Disease
|
|
National Library of Medicine
|
|
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/taysachsdisease.html
|
|
|
|
National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (NOFAS)
|
|
NOFAS
|
|
2009
|
|
www.nofas.org/
|
|
Organization dedicated to eliminating birth defects caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
|
|
|
|
Ooplasmic (Cytoplasmic) Transfer
|
|
Center for Genetics and Society
|
|
2003
|
|
www.genetics-and-society.org/technologies/other/ooplasmic.html
|
|
Brief explanation and related articles.
|
|
|
|
Overview: Newborn Screening
|
|
National Newborn Screening and Genetics Research Center
|
|
genes-r-us.uthscsa.edu/resources/newborn/overview.htm
|
|
Newborn screening is recognized internationally as an essential, preventive public health program for early identification of disorders in newborns that can effect their long term health. Early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of certain genetic, metabolic, or infectious congenital disorders can lead to significant reductions of death, disease, and associated disabilities.
|
|
|
|
Paternal Exposures and Pregnancy
|
|
Organization of Teratology Information Services
|
|
www.otispregnancy.org/pdf/paternal.pdf
|
|
Paternal exposure is anything the father of the baby is exposed during before conception or during the mother's pregnancy. It includes chemicals, drugs, alcohol, smoking, radiation etc.
|
|
|
|
Pediatric Clinical Genetics Questionnaire
|
|
American Medical Association
|
|
2003
|
|
www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/464/ped_clinical_genetic.pdf
|
|
This form may be printed out and given to your physician at your appointment.
It may be helpful to fill out the following sections before seeing your doctor: patient information, pregnancy history, birth history, developmental and educational history, and growth history.
|
|
|
|
PKU (Phenylketonuria)
|
|
March of Dimes
|
|
2009
|
|
www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/14332_1219.asp
|
|
PKU (phenylketonuria) is an inherited disorder of body chemistry that, if untreated, causes mental retardation. Fortunately, through routine newborn screening, almost all affected newborns are now diagnosed and treated early, allowing them to grow up with normal intelligence.
|
|
|
|
Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGD)
|
|
Genetics & Public Policy Center
|
|
2003
|
|
www.dnapolicy.org/genetics/pgd.jhtml.html
|
|
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis, or PGD, is the genetic testing of embryos produced through in vitro fertilization (IVF). PGD enables physicians to identify genetic abnormalities in embryos and to select for implantation only those embryos that are found not to have the abnormality. PGD was developed so that couples at risk of having children with serious genetic disorders could increase their chances of having a child without the disorder.
|
|
|
|
Prematurity: Are You at Risk?
|
|
March of Dimes
|
|
2004
|
|
www.marchofdimes.com/prematurity/13454_5810.asp
|
|
Premature birth can sometimes result in complications for the baby. The low birth weight and insufficient physical development can in some cases result in lifelong health problems.
|
|
|
|
Prenatal Genetic Screening Questionnaire
|
|
American Medical Association
|
|
2003
|
|
www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/464/ped_screening.pdf
|
|
Filling out and printing this form prior to an appointment with a geneticist or genetic counselor would be helpful.
|
|
|
|
Prenatal Genetic Testing
|
|
Genetics & Public Policy Center
|
|
2007
|
|
www.dnapolicy.org/policy.issue.php?action=detail&issuebrief_id=39
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Prenatal diagnosis refers to a number of different techniques and procedures that can be performed during a pregnancy to provide information about the health of a developing fetus. Screening tests indicate whether the fetus has an average, greater than average, or below average risk of being affected by a particular genetic condition or birth defect. When the result of a screening shows increased risk, the pregnant patient may be offered other diagnostic tests to confirm whether the fetus is, in fact, affected. Diagnostic tests may also be offered directly to women whose pregnancies are considered high risk because of age, family history or other factors.
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Prenatal Testing: What's Involved and Who Should Consider It
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Mayo Clinic
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2008
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www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=PR00014
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Prenatal testing can provide information about the potential genetic problems, chromosomal defects and physical malformations your unborn child may have.
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Questions & Answers: Preimplantation and Sex Selection
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Center for Genetics and Society
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2006
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www.genetics-and-society.org/resources/cgs/2002_pgd_factsheet.html
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Q & A with related article references.
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Reproduction and Responsibility, Chapter 2: Assisted Reproduction
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President's Council on Bioethics
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2004
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www.bioethics.gov/reports/reproductionandresponsibility/chapter2.html
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The chapter reviews the relevant techniques and practices, addresses ethical considerations, considers the existing regulatory activities.
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Reproduction and Responsibility, Chapter 3: Screening and Selection for Genetic Conditions and Traits
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President's Council on Bioethics
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2004
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www.bioethics.gov/reports/reproductionandresponsibility/chapter3.html
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The chapter reviews the relevant techniques and practices, addresses ethical considerations, considers the existing regulatory activities.
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Rh Disease
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March of Dimes
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2009
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www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/14332_1220.asp
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Rh disease of the newborn is caused by an incompatibility between the blood of a mother and her fetus. It is a hemolytic disease that is, it causes destruction of fetal red blood cells. Without treatment, the most severely affected fetuses are stillborn. In the newborn, Rh disease can result in jaundice, anemia, brain damage, heart failure and death.
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Secondary Conditions Associated with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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Centers for Disease Control
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2006
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www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fas/secondary.htm
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Secondary conditions are problems that a person is not born with, but might acquire as a result of FAS. These conditions can be lessened or prevented through better understanding of and appropriate interventions with afffected children.
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Pregnancy
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March of Dimes
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2009
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www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/19695_1226.asp
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STIs pose special risks for pregnant women and their babies. These infections can cause miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, preterm delivery (before 37 weeks of pregnancy), stillbirth, birth defects, and newborn illness and death.
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Smoking During Pregnancy
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March of Dimes
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2009
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www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/14332_1171.asp
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Smoking has been linked to premature birth, low birth weight, and developmental disabilities.
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Somatic Gene Transfer
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Center for Genetics and Society
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www.genetics-and-society.org/technologies/other/somatic.html
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Brief explanation, illustration and related articles.
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Stem Cell Technologies
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Center for Genetics and Society
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www.genetics-and-society.org/technologies/other/stemcell.html
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Brief explanation and related articles.
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Triple X Syndrome
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Mayo Clinic
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2008
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www.mayoclinic.com/health/triple-x-syndrome/DS01090
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Triple X syndrome is a rare chromosomal abnormality that affects only females. As the name implies, females with triple X syndrome have three X chromosomes instead of the usual two. Doctors may also refer to this condition as triple-X, trisomy X, XXX syndrome and 47 XXX
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Ultrasound in Pregnancy: What Can It Tell You?
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Mayo Clinic
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2008
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www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=PR00054
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Fetal ultrasound provides a first glimpse of the developing baby. It can also help detect some birth defects, such as a neural tube defect for example, spina bifida, a type of spinal abnormality or a heart defect.
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Umbilical Cord Blood Tests (Cordocentesis)
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American Pregnancy Association
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2006
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www.americanpregnancy.org/prenataltesting/cordocentesis.html
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What Is a Teratogen?
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Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis
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2009
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www.rileychildrenshospital.com/parents-and-patients/programs-and-services/clinical-genetics-teratogen.jsp
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What You Can Do to Stop Germs from Harming You or Your Baby
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Centers for Disease Control/National Center for Infectious Diseases
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2008
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www.cdc.gov/Features/Pregnancy/
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Describes germs that can cause diseases that can affect the mother or baby. Has information on screening tests and vaccinations that can prevent these diseases.
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X-Ray Radiation
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Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction
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2008
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http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/common/Xrays.html
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X-rays are a type of penetrating radiation that, depending on the dose, can reduce cell division, damage genetic material, and harm unborn children. Cells that divide quickly are very sensitive to x-ray exposure. Unborn children are particularly sensitive to x-rays because their cells are rapidly dividing and developing into different types of tissue. Exposure of pregnant women to sufficient doses of x-rays could possibly result in birth defects or illnesses such as leukemia later in life.
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